To solve this problem, we propose a novel dynamic synchronizer, called Dynamic Window Matching (DWM), to replace DTW. However, we found in experiments that DTW not only consumes an excessive amount of computational resources but also has limited accuracy for processing side-channel signals. An existing dynamic synchronizer is Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). This timing relationship, referred to as the horizontal displacement, can not only be used to mitigate the adverse effect of time noise on calculating the (vertical) distance between signals, but also be used as indicators for intrusion detection. To deal with this problem, NSYNC incorporates a dynamic synchronizer to find the timing relationship between two signals. Although this random variation, referred to as time noise, is very small compared with the duration of a printing process, it can cause existing Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) to fail. The motivation to develop NSYNC is that we find AM systems are asynchronous in nature and there is random variation in timing in a printing process. We propose NSYNC, a practical framework to compare side-channel signals for real-time intrusion detection in Additive Manufacturing (AM) systems.
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